Venezuela has recoverable Coal reserves of approximately 528 million short tons (Mmst), most of which is bituminous. The country produced 7.85 Mmst of coal in 2003, while consuming only 0.06 Mmst. Most coal exports go to other countries in Latin America, but sizable amounts also go to the eastern United States and Europe. Venezuelas coal sector is dominated by Carbozulia, a subsidiary of PdVSA. The company operates in partnerships with foreign companies. The Guasare Basin, near the Colombian border, is the major coal producing region in Venezuela. Coal production has been limited during the last several years by infrastructure and transportation constraints, but there are plans for additional infrastructure investments to remove these obstacles. In 2005, Carbozulia formed a joint venture with Brazilian coal mining firm Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, dubbed Carosuramerica, to expand coal production in Venezuela to 10 Mmst by 2015. The plans include the construction of a railway linking coal mines to the coast (coal is currently carried via truck) and a new deepwater port.