Indonesias major environmental challenges involve supporting its large population. Air and water pollution have reached critical levels, especially on the most populated island of Java. Indonesias Carbon dioxide emissions remain low, but there is concern that an increase in the use of indigenous Coal will increase Indonesias carbon emissions in the coming years. Indonesia is Well endowed with renewable energy potential, especially geothermal energy. Indonesias renewable resources are not yet fully exploited.

Indonesia recently completed its phase-out of leaded Gasoline, with a complete ban having come into force in 2005.